Four point probes are used in nanofabrication to measure the resistive properties of conducting films which may include substrates, deposited films, and doped regions on a sample surface. The four-point probe method can be used to measure volume resistivity, surface resistivity, and conductivity. The four-point probe method is the four-terminal measurement using four-point array probes and with RCF calculation.It can …

Measuring volume resistivity and surface resistivity of conductive materials using the four-point probe method Read More »

Hydrogen fuel cells have gained increasing attention as a sustainable energy source due to their high energy efficiency and low environmental impact. A fuel cell operates by converting the chemical energy from hydrogen fuel and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water. The key components of a fuel cell include the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), the fuel diffusion layer, the oxygen …

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The basic idea of a tensile test is to place a sample of a material between two fixtures called “grips” which clamp the material. The material has known dimensions, like length and cross-sectional area.

Coefficient of Friction (COF) defifines the sliding interaction between two surfaces. Static Friction and Dynamic Friction (or Kinetic Friction) are defifined in many standards including GB10006, ? ASTM D1894, ??ISO8295,???ISO15359, ?GB/T22895.